GLOBAL WARMING - Global Hoax? Sept., 26 St. Isaac Jogues and comp. Mm

GLOBAL WARMING - Is it man made or – another Hoax ?

Climate may be described as the normal weather conditions or typical weather that is experienced in any particular place over a long period of time, whereas 'weather' refers to atmospheric conditions for any place, for a short period of time . Then, again, you might prefer the phrase "Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get."

[ Ominous Cumulonimbus clouds threaten to bring a change in the weather- but is our climate really changing, enough, to cause us to change our way of life?]

Climate change is no new phenomena as history will show, and recent ‘unhealthy, distorted’ interest causes one to suspect a ‘hidden agenda, aimed at curtailing development of third world countries by reducing CO2 emissions resulting from increased agricultural and industrial activities in these underdeveloped countries. By keeping these countries poor with their subsequent low food production, mortality rates will inevitably remain high, this no doubt fits in nicely with the One World Government’s plan for total sustainable world population .

To get people on their side and thinking their way….distort scientific data or simply ignore it . If it is repeated often enough people will start to believe it. Tell people increasing CO2 will raise the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere by creating a “greenhouse effect”. Mix in a little truth with the lies. Start talking about “carbon footprints”, “carbon credits, these are the new “buzz” words. Force Governments to reduce carbon emissions by threats of economic sanctions.

[ Ah, yes. carbon Credits...I'm still trying to get my head around these pretty bits of "money". I can't claim to have seen any or know how you get the things. I guess you have to pay for them. Where does that money go? Still, If I ever spot any I'm sure to start collecting them...they could be worth a few Bob in a few years time]

Carbon dioxide has become a “dirty” word all of a sudden

The fact is that there is, more or less, a balance between the amount of CO2 being released into the atmosphere, through industry and animals and that absorbed by photosynthesis and the oceanic reservoir.

[ Ah, the reverse side...looks like you need them to able to drive your car..you could knock up a few miles in twenty weeks, I'll be guessing....I'm also glad I don't have to look at those things on my horizon every day!]

Earth’s history is one of a long story of climate change.

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In the first century A.D. conditions were relatively warm and dry., but by the third century the climate of Southern England was damper than at present and in general winters were colder.

In the 6th and 7th century, it was drier and less stormy. There is evidence of a greater prevalence of dry east winds.

In the 8th to the 12th century, the climate gradually became wetter and heavy rainfall is commonly described in the contemporary manuscripts. Marked cold spells occurred during the winters of the 9th and 11th centuries.

The 13th and 14th centuries were marked by great variability, with some evidence of storminess, mild winters, and high rainfall.

In the 15th and 16th centuries commenced quieter and warmer at the commencement of the 15th century, but in Elizabethan times the climate as a whole turned colder. The winters became severe. Another period of storms occurred during the latter half of the 16th century. Glaciers tended to re-advance in the Alps.

In the 18th century, climatic variations were not so very different from those of the 20th century. Winters were exceptionally severe towards the end of this century.

In the 19th century Winters were in the main cooler than at present, whereas the other seasons showed little difference to present day conditions . There was an apparent change toward greater dryness in Southern England . From the middle of the century a general recession of the Alpine glaciers commenced.


In the 17th century,Europe experienced a Little Ice Age,
where temperatures were so consistently chilly that ice skaters reveled on the completely frozen London Thames.

From the 1940’s to the 1980’s, the Earth experience a significant cooling period, despite the fact that industrial production and release of CO2 vastly accelerated during this time. This led to scaremongering about global cooling, the threat that the Earth was in the midst of a new Ice Age.

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Ice core samples show CO2 levels (which are blamed by many to be the initiating force behind a global rise in temperature) rise 800 years after an initial rise in temperature and therefore cannot be the cause of it.

In Al Gore’s film, Inconvenient Truth, these figures have been deliberately reversed to claim CO2 causes temperature change when the exact opposite is the case.

Human contribution to CO2 levels is minimal in comparison to natural means including volcanic emissions, CO2 from animals, plants and oceans. The total CO2 contribution to the average composition of the dry atmosphere is 0.03%, with Nitrogen and Oxygen contributing 78.08% and 20.94% respectively.

The truth is the Sun is a major factor in the driving force behind global warming. Sunspot and solar radiation activity almost exactly parallel temperature change on the earth. Solar activity very closely matches the plot of temperature change over the last 100 years. It correlates well with the anomalous post- war temperature dip, when global CO2 levels were rising.


According to World Net Daily, moreover, more than 31,000 scientists, including atmospheric, climatology and earth scientists signed a petition rejecting “global warming”, the assumption that human production of greenhouse gases is damaging Earth’s climate.

In response to Al Gore’s Movie in which he displays a time line of temperature compared to CO2 levels over a 600,000 year period as reconstructed from ice core samples. [ I would dispute this figure given that we know the earth is not much older than 6500 years. That’s right! But it nevertheless demonstrates his bad will] that this is conclusive proof of the link of increased CO2 emission and global warming. A closer examination reveals something different. Historically, scientific records show increase in CO2 concentrations actually lagged temperature changes by up to 1000 years.

Temperature appears to trail CO2, not vice versa as the Al Gore model would like us to believe.

Historically and repeatedly, CO2 levels have far exceeded concentrations being reported. Carbon tax would harm our competitiveness, raise costs to families, export jobs and actually do little to improve our environment.

In an attempt to brainwash kids, since the adults are not so easily fooled ( at least , some of them!), a book on Global Warming has been published for kids, called “Down to Earth Guide to Global Warming” with statements like “ the more the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the higher the temperatures climbed. The less CO2 the more temperatures dropped.” This book has been fed to kids in the Public school system, at least in the U.S.(maybe, even here in New Zealand)

But, Robert Ferguson, president of Science and Publishing Policy. Washington D.C. published findings that reveal a “glaring scientific error” [ actually, I would prefer to call it an outright lie]

In the Al Gore film, it states “The relationship is very complicated…it is this. When there is more CO2, the temperature gets warmer because it traps more heat from the sun.”

The authors mislabeled the blue curve as temperature and mislabeled the red curve as CO2 concentration. This “manipulation” is critical because the central premise of the book argues CO2 drives temperature, “yet ice core data clearly reveal temperature increases generally precede CO2 increase by several hundred to a few thousand years.”

[ Mislabelled graph comparing CO2 levels with temperature]

But, when we examine the real state of affairs , and after having 'slapped their sticky little fingers' for having twisted the whole thing around, we get a completely different picture! As demonstarted in the corrected graphical version below.

[ Graph after corrections made- ' you can fool some of the people all of the time...']

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GLOBAL WARNING SHOCKER

Surface temperature recording stations.

Dire “global warming” predictions based on bad science from the very start, according to one meteorologist who found surface temperatures recorded throughout the U.S. are done so with almost no regard to scientific standards.

[ Aircraft parked within 10 feet of thermometer screen at Derby Field, in Lovelock,Nev.]
As a result of his shocking initial findings that temperature monitoring stations were constructed and placed without regard to achieving accurate recordings. He found temperature stations with sensors on roof of buildings, near air conditioning vents, in parking lots near hot automobiles, barbeques, chimneys and pavements and concrete surfaces – all of which would lead to higher temperature recordings than properly established conditions [ very interesting, considering the aims of the One World Government and it’s plan to brainwash the citizens of this planet….bump the temperatures up, any way you can!]
to reinforce their lie that the earth is going through a period of higher than normal temperatures, and we had better do something about it before it's too late!

But, really, is the earth getting warmer? There are conflicting opinions and apparently even the scientists aren't on full agreement on this one, as the following articles demonstrate. Have you noticed what's been happening to the weather around the globe the last couple of years?


In 2006, Stormy weather pounds many areas of the country. Canterbury freezes in the biggest snowfall in 30 years.






Snow cut power to many areas with snow preventing some more remote parts of Canterbury being connected for up to 3 weeks. Gale force winds battered the North Island cutting power to large parts of Auckland, Waikato and Taranaki.

[ Heavy snowfall in Christchurch, N.Z. late August,1992]

The storm also brought down trees, lifted the roof off a Hamilton building and took out traffic lights in the city.On Mt Egmont, 287.5mm of rain fell in the 24 hours until 5pm at Dawson Falls, while North Egmont received 216.5mm for the same period.


Another 24 hours of snow falling on the southern slopes of Mt Ruapehu has seen Turoa's snow base reach a record five metres today. [August 2008 ]


In mid-August, the snow measuring stake at Turoa had to be extended from its previous maximum of 3.8m to allowed continued measurement as the snow kept coming.
The skifield set a record for any ski area in New Zealand when its snow base reached 4.5m.
With the snow stake measuring 4.88m on Monday, Ruapehu Alpine Lifts announced that Turoa would extend its season until November 16.


The Whakapapa side of the mountain currently has a base of 3.77m, the deepest since 1995.

Mt Ruapehu marketing manager Mike Smith said the continuous snowfalls from mid-July to late August had created the record conditions.

[ Mt. Ruapehu, like many mountainous regions in both islands of New Zealand, experienced record breaking snowfalls in the winter of 2008- must have been something to do with all this "global warming" we've been hearing so much about!]

[ I guess since we have all been "brainwashed " into thinking the planet is undergoing disasterous temperature rises, all this must be due to "Global Warming!"]


Whakapapa plans to close as scheduled at Labour Weekend but will reopen for Christmas skiing from Boxing Day until early January 2009 if sufficient snow remains, Mr Smith said.
Fine weather is forecast for the weekend which will allow skiers to take advantage of spring skiing on the mountain.

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The UN secretary-general today called on world leaders for immediate action on climate change - before flying thousands of miles to the US for a music concert and then leaving in the interval to jet to Europe. [Evening Standard 12/12/07] ( You see what I mean when I hark on about this one world government thing)

The Global Warming Scam

Global warming has finally been explained: the Earth is getting hotter because the Sun is burning more brightly than at any time during the past 1,000 years, according to new research. A study by Swiss and German scientists suggests that increasing radiation from the sun is responsible for recent global climate changes.



[ The driving force behind the Earth's weather and climate - a gigantic thermonuclear star which if proponents of the "Big Bang" theory had their way, would have been so close to the earth, that many millions of years ago , that if would have vaporized the earth long ago]



Dr Sami Solanki, the director of the renowned Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Gottingen, Germany, who led the research, said: "The Sun has been at its strongest over the past 60 years and may now be affecting global temperatures. The Sun is in a changed state. It is brighter than it was a few hundred years ago and this brightening started relatively recently - in the last 100 to 150 years." [Telegraph]


Global warming and melting polar ice caps are not just problems here on Earth. Mars is facing similar global changes, researchers say, with temperatures across the red planet rising by around 0.65 degrees over the last few decades. [Register] Neptune has been getting brighter since around 1980; furthermore, infrared measurements of the planet since 1980 show that the planet has been warming steadily from 1980 to 2004. As they say on Neptune, global warming has become an inconvenient truth. [World Climate Report]

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Looking at annual global temperatures, it is apparent that the last decade shows no warming trend and recent successive annual global temperatures are well within each year's measurement errors.


Statistically the world's temperature is flat. The world certainly warmed between 1975 and 1998, but in the past 10 years it has not been increasing at the rate it did. No scientist could honestly look at global temperatures over the past decade and see a rising curve.


It is undisputed that the sun of the later part of the 20th century was behaving differently from that of the beginning. Its sunspot cycle is stronger and shorter and, technically speaking, its magnetic field leakage is weaker and its cosmic ray shielding effect stronger. So we see that when the sun's activity was rising, the world warmed. When it peaked in activity in the late 1980s, within a few years global warming stalled. [Telegraph]

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Okay, take notes, there will be a quiz at the end of class.


First of all, greenhouse effect is not a bad thing. Without it, our planet would not support life as we know it, as the average temperature would be too cold to support liquid water.

Water vapor is the single most potent greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, trapping more heat than carbon dioxide and methane put together.


Estimates of the impact of water vapor on global warming vary widely from a minimum of 60% of all greenhouse effect to 98% of all greenhouse effect, but even at the minimum of 60%, that leaves 40% of greenhouse effect to be shared by all other chemicals combined, including carbon dioxide and methane (which has ten times the greenhouse capacity pound for pound as carbon dioxide).

Now then, looking at Carbon Dioxide, we find that only .117% of atmospheric carbon dioxide is directly attributable to human technology such as automobiles. .117% is a rather small amount. If we were to measure out .117% of a football field, it comes out to 4.212 inches, barely long enough to get off the touchdown line.

So, if humans ceased all technological activity, we would still see 99.883% of the carbon dioxide remain in the atmosphere, assuming all other factors remain stable (which is, of course, silly.)


Over the last few years, there have been very careful studies in Antarctica which clearly show global temperatures rising together with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global warmers have sent me several of these research papers with the usual "Ah HA!" type comment, but on reading the papers it is clear that the global warmers stopped at the abstract, because what these recent studies show is that Carbon Dioxide levels increased AFTER the rise in global temperature.

Let me re-state that. Studies of Antarctic ice show that the Earth would get warmer, and THEN Carbon Dioxide levels would increase.

And there is nothing at all mysterious about this. Carbon dioxide is a very unique chemical in that it is more effectively dissolved in liquids in lower temperatures. Normally, air will hold more water when warm, sugar will dissolve in water more quickly when warm, but carbon dioxide will escape from solution as the temperature rises, which is why your beer will soak your shirt if it is too warm when you open it.


So, as the sun warms the Earth (as recorded in the ice) carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans and lakes bubbles into the sky like too-warm soda pop fizzing over the top of the glass, and as the Antarctic ice reveals, winds up in the atmosphere. Now, this is not to say that I think we should waste our planet's resources.


Quite the contrary, I think we need to be very careful of what we have, because we are not likely to get a replacement planet any time soon. But the global warming "hype" is exactly that, hype to sell products and policies. If you want to do something about the damage to the planet caused by oil, STOP THE WARS BEING FOUGHT OVER IT!


Sixteen gallons of oil. That's how much the average American soldier in Iraq and Afghanistan consumes on a daily basis -- either directly, through the use of Humvees, tanks, trucks, and helicopters, or indirectly, by calling in air strikes. Multiply this figure by 162,000 soldiers in Iraq, 24,000 in Afghanistan, and 30,000 in the surrounding region (including sailors aboard U.S. warships in the Persian Gulf) and you arrive at approximately 3.5 million gallons of oil: the daily petroleum tab for U.S. combat operations in the Middle East war zone. [Pacific Free Press] Click here and have a read as its actually quite interesting and thought provoking, especially the comment about how the U.S. could have spent less money than they have on the war in Iraq and simply bought all the oil! [ Hey, that's a lot of oil being wasted needlessly ( if the above figures are correct)...who said there was a shortage of oil...you would think the way these fellows are using it, it was going outa style! Maybe they know something we dont?]

Over the past year, anecdotal evidence for a cooling planet has exploded.


China has its coldest winter in 100 years. Baghdad sees its first snow in all recorded history. North America has the most snowcover in 50 years, with places like Wisconsin the highest since record-keeping began.

Record levels of Antarctic sea ice, record cold in Minnesota, Texas, Florida, Mexico, Australia, Iran, Greece, South Africa, Greenland, Argentina, Chile -- the list goes on and on.

No more than anecdotal evidence, to be sure. But now, that evidence has been supplanted by hard scientific fact. All four major global temperature tracking outlets (Hadley, NASA's GISS, UAH, RSS) have released updated data.


All show that over the past year, global temperatures have dropped precipitously. [DailyTech 2/27/2008]



1975: We were doomed because of global coolingClick image for full size
- NZPA

HELL IS NO DREAM - Sept. 8 - The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary

TO HELL AND BACK

( Taken from Forty Dreams of St. John Bosco, - Tan Books and Publishers, INC.

P.O. Box 424, Rockford, Illinois  61105)

But first, some background reading on St. John Bosco - the Apostle of Youth...

St. John Bosco was born August 16, 1815, at Becchi, Italy. His life work was that of taking care of young boys and girls. For this purpose he founded the Congregation of the Salesian Fathers in 1852 and the Daughters of Our Lady Help of Christians in 1872.

He died in 1888 and was canonized by Pope Pius XI, Easter Sunday, 1934.

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A word about the dreams of St. John Bosco: God spoke to Don Bosco in dreams. Who would ignore dreaming of dreams which the prophet Joel counts among the gifts that were to gladden, by a generous effusion of the Holy Ghost, the latter days, that is, as St. Peter explains, the days of the Messias? ( Acts 2:17 ). Don Bosco's hearers gathered more than 150 dreams.

Some of Don Bosco's dreams are prophetic, others are pedological, and some are parables.

Most of Don Bosco's dreams are certainly supernatural events. Here are some proofs:

1. Sometimes he said that "it was a dream in which one can know what one does; can hear what is said, can ask and answer questions." this does not happen in ordinary natural dreams.

2. He usually had a guide and interpreter. Sometimes Dominic Savio or an angel, or St . Francis de Sales, or someone else. Their explanations are always precise and instructive. This does not happen in ordinary natural dreams.

3. Often he saw secret things of conscience, and the test proved it always to be true; the forseen future events (including deaths) did actually occur. This Don Bosco considered "an extraordinary grace granted for the benefit of all the children of the Oratory."

[ Don Bosco announces the imminent death of one of his boys ]

4. Don Bosco used to narrate his dreams with a very great spirit of humility, thinking only of the spiritual benefit of his hearers. The good effects were evident: especially a greater horror of sin, better Confessions, General Confessions, more frequent Communions.

5. In natural dreams there is no logical order. All the opposite happens in Don Bosco's dreams.

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TO HELL AND BACK

What a frightful and serious meditation is this dream on Hell. Here Don Bosco is illumined from above. The Guide points out to Don Bosco a demarcation line beyond which there is no more love , no more friends and no more comfort. Only despair for those who follow the dissolute world.

In this dream about Hell , a clear program is given for the salvation of boys:

" They have their superiors : let them obey them."

"They have rules: let them obey them."

"They have the Sacraments: let them frequent them."

The Salesian system will obtain this through reason, religion and kindness. It requires greaty bounty and patience. But Mary, Help of Christians will help the educators to crush the head of the malign Serpent and to save the youth.

On Sunday night, May 3, 1868, The feast of St. Joseph's Patronage, Don Bosco resumed the narration of his dreams:I have another dream to tell you, a sort of aftermath of those I told you last Thursday and Friday which totally exhausted me. Anyway, as you know , on the night of April17, a frightful toad seemed bent on devouring me. When it finally vanished, a voice said to me: "Why don't you tell them?" I turned in that direction and saw a distinguished person standing by my bed. Feeling guilty about my silence, asked:" What should I tell my boys?"

 

"What you have seen and heard in your last dreams and what you have wanted to know and what you shall have revealed to you tomorrow night!" He then vanished.

I spent the whole next day worrying about the miserable night in store for me, and when evening came, loath to go to bed, I sat at my desk browsing through books until midnight.

The mere thought of having more nightmares thoroughly scared me. Finally, with great effort I finally went to bed.

Lest I should fall asleep immediately and start dreaming, I set my pillow upright against the head board and practically sat up, but soon in my exhaustion I simply fell asleep. Immediately the same person of the night before appeared at my bedside.

" Get up and follow me!" he said.

 

" For heaven's sake," I protested, " leave me alone. I am exhausted. I've been tormented by a toothache for several days now and need rest. Besides, the nightmares have completely worn me out." I said this because this man's apparition always means trouble, fatigue and terror for me.

" Get up!"he repeated, "You have no time to lose."

I complied and followed him. "Where are you taking me?" I asked

"Never mind. You'll see." He led me to a vast, boundless plain, veritably a lifeless desert, with not a soul in sight or a tree or brook. Yellowed, dried-up vegetation added to the desolation. I had no idea where I was or what I had to do. For a moment I even lost sight of my guide and feared that I was lost and utterly alone. When I finally saw my friend coming toward me I sighed in relief.

"Where am I?" I asked.

" Come with me and you will find out!"

 

" All right. I'll go with you."

 

He led the way and I followed in silence, but after a long dismal trudge I began worrying whether I would ever be able to cross that vast expanse what with my toothache and swollen legs.

Suddenly I saw a road ahead. "Where to now?" I asked my guide.

"This way," he replied.

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The Broad Road

We took the road. It was beautiful, wide and neatly paved. Via peccantium complanata lapidibus, et in fine illarum inferi , et tenebrae , et poenae - " The way of sinners is smooth stones and at their end are Hell and darkness and pain." ( Ecclus. 21:11).

 

Both sides were lined with magnificant verdant hedges dotted with gorgeous flowers . Roses especially peeped everywhere through the leaves. At first glance the road was level and comfortable, and so I ventured upon it without the least suspicion, but soon I noticed that it insensibly kept sloping downward. Though it did not look steep at all, I found myself moving so swiftly that I felt that I was effortlessly gliding through the air. Really, I was gliding and hardly using my feet. Then the thought struck me that the return trip would be very long and arduous.

"How shall we get back to the Oratory?" I asked worriedly.

" Do not worry," he answered. "The Almighty wants you to go. He who leads you on will also know how to lead you back."

The road kept sloping downward.. As we were continuing on our way, flanked by banks of roses and other flowers, I became aware that the Oratory boys and very many others whom I did not know were following me. Somehow I found myself in their midst. As I was looking at them, I noticed now one, now another fall to the ground and instantly be dragged by an unseen force toward a frightful drop, distantly visible, which sloped into a furnace. "What makes these boys fall?" I asked my companion. Funes extenderunt in laqueum; iuxta iter scandalum posuerunt -"They have spread cords for a net; by the wayside they have laid snares for me " ( Ps. 139:6).

"Take a closer look," he replied.

I did. Traps were everywhere, some close to the ground, others at eye level, but all well concealed. Unaware of their danger, many boys got caught and tripped; they would sprawl to the ground, legs in the air. Then, when they managed to get back on their feet, they would run headlong down the road toward the abyss. Some got trapped by the head, others by the neck, hand, arms, legs or sides and were pulled down instantly. The ground traps, fine as spider's webs and hardly visible, seemed very flimsy and harmless; yet, to my surprise every boy they snared fell to the ground.

Noticing my astonishment, the guide remarked: "Do you know what this is?"

"Just some filmy fibre," I answered.

 

" A mere nothing," he said, "just plain human respect."

Seeing that so many boys were being caught in those traps, I asked: "Why do so many get caught? Who pulls them down?"

"Go nearer and you will see!" he told me.

I followed his advice but saw nothing peculiar.

"Look closer." he insisted.

I picked up one of the traps and tugged. I immediately felt some resistance. I pulled harder, only to feel that, instead of drawing the thread closer , I was being pulled down myself. I did not resist and soon found myself at the mouth of a frightful cave. I halted, unwilling to venture into that deep cavern, and again started pulling the thread toward me. It gave a little, but only through great effort on my part. I kept tugging, and after a long while a huge, hideous monster emerged, clutching a rope to which all those traps were tied together. He was the one who instantly dragged down anyone who got caught in them. "It won't do to match my strength with his," I said to myself. "I'll certainly lose. I'd better fight him with the Sign of the Cross and with short invocations.

 

Then I went back to my guide. "Now you know who he is," he said to me.

"I surely do! It is the devil himself!"

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Knives

Carefully examining many of the traps, I saw that each bore an inscription: Pride, Disobedience, Envy, Sixth Commandment, Theft, Gluttony, Sloth, Anger, and so on. 

 

Stepping back back a bit to see which ones trapped the greater number of boys, I discovered that the most dangerous were those of impurity, disobedience and pride. In fact, these three were linked together. Many other traps also did great harm, but not as much as the first two. Still watching, I noticed many boys running faster than others. "Why such haste?" I asked.

"Because they are dragged by the snare of human respect."

Looking more closely, I spotted knives among the traps. A providential hand had put them there for cutting oneself free. The bigger ones, symbolizing meditation, were for the use against the sin of pride; others not quite as big, symbolized spiritual reading well made.

 

There were also two swords representing devotion to the Blessed Sacrament - especially through frequent Holy Communion - and to the Blessed Virgin. There was also a hammer symbolizing Confession and other knives signifying devotion to St. Joseph, to St. Aloysius and to other Saints. By these means , quite a few boys were able to free themselves or evade capture.

[ Don Bosco hears the confession of one of his boys - one of the few photos we are fortunate to possess of this Saint ]

Indeed I saw some lads walking safely through all those traps, either by good timing before the trap sprung on them or by making it slip off them if they got caught.

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Thorns - Arduous Way

When my guide was satisfied that I had observed everything, he made me continue along that rose - hedged road, but the farther we went, the scarcer the roses became. Long thorns began to show up, and soon the roses were no more. The hedges became suns-scorched, leafless and thorn- studded. Withered branches torn from the bushes lay criss-crossed along the road bed, littering it with thorns and making it impassible. We had now come to a gulch whose steep sides hid what lay beyond. The road, still sloping downward, was becoming ever more horrid, rutted, guttered and bristling with rocks and boulders. I lost track of all my boys, most of whom had left this treacherous road for other paths.

I kept going; but the further I advanced, the more arduous and steep became the descent, so that I tumbled and fell several times, lying prostate until I could catch my breath. Now and then my guide supported me or helped me to rise. At every step, my joints seemed to give way, and I thought my shinbones would snap. Panting, I said to my guide: "My good fellow, my legs won't carry me another step. I just can't go any farther."

He did not answer, but continued walking. Taking heart, I followed until, seeing me soaked in perspiration and thoroughly exhausted, he led me to a little clearing alongside the road. I sat down, took a deep breath and felt a little better. From my resting place, the road I had already traveled looked very steep, jagged and strewn with loose stones; but what lay ahead seemed so much worse that I closed my eyes in horror.

"Let's go back," I pleaded. "If we go any farther, how shall we ever get back to the Oratory? I will never make it up this slope."

"Now that we have come so far, do you want me to leave you here?" my guide sternly asked.

At this threat , I wailed: "How can I survive without your help?"

"Then follow me."

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Enormous Building

We continued our descent, the road now becoming so frightfully steep that it was almost impossible to stand erect. And then, at the bottom of this precipice, at the entrance of a dark valley, an enormous building loomed into sight, its towering portal, tightly locked, facing our road. When I finally got to the bottom, I became smothered by a suffocating heat, while a greasy, green- tinted smoke lit by flashes of scarlet flames rose from behind these enormous walls which loomed higher than mountains.

"Where are we? What is this?" I asked my guide.

"Read the inscription on that portal and you will know."

I looked up and read these words: Ubi non est redempo - "The place of no reprieve." I realized that we were at the gates of Hell. The guide led me all around this horrible place. At regular distances, bronze portals like the first overlooked precipitous descents; on each was an inscription such as: Discedite, maledicti, in ignem aeternum qui paratus est diobola et angelis eius - "Depart from Me, you cursed into everlasting fire, which was prepared for the devil and his angels." ( Matt. 25:41 ). Omnis arbor quae non facit fructum bonum excidetur et in ignem mittetur - Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire." ( Matt. 7:19 ).

I tried to copy them into my notebook, but my guide restrained me: " There is no need. You have them all in Holy Scripture. You even have some of them inscribed in your porticoes.

At such a sight I wanted to turn back and return to the Oratory. As a matter of fact, I started back, but my guide ignored my attempt. After trudging through a steep, never- ending ravine, we again came to the foot of the precipice facing the first portal. Suddenly the guide turned to me. Upset and startled, he motioned to me to step aside. "Look!" he said.

_________________________________________

Boys Who Rush Down

I looked up in terror and saw in the distance someone racing down the path at an uncontrollable speed. I kept my eyes on him, trying to identify him, and as he got closer, I recognized him as one of my boys. His disheveled hair was partly standing upright on his head and partly tossed back by the wind. His arms were outstretched as though he were thrashing the water in an attempt to stay afloat. He wanted to stop, but could not. Tripping on the protruding stones, he kept falling even faster. " Let's help him, let's stop him," I shouted, holding out my hands in a vain effort to restrain him.

"Leave him alone," the guide replied.

"Why?"

"Don't you know how terrible God's vengeance is?"

[ Don Bosco with his boys - rare photo of the Saint ]

Do you think you can restrain one who is fleeing from His just wrath?"

Meanwhile, the youth had turned his fiery gaze backward in an attempt to see if God's wrath were still pursuing him. The next moment he fell tumbling to the bottom of the ravine and crashed against the bronze portal as though he could find no better refuge in his flight.

"Why was he looking backward in terror?" I asked.

"Because God's wrath will pierce Hell's gate to reach and torment him even in the midst of fire!"

As the boy crashed into the portal, it sprang open with a roar, and instantly a thousand inner portals opened with a deafening clamor as if struck by body that had been propelled by an invisible, most violent, irresistible gale. As these bronze doors - one behind the other, though at a considerable distance from each other - remained momentarily open, I saw far into the distance something like jaws spouting fiery balls the moment the youth hurled into it. As swiftly as they had opened, the portals then clanged shut again. For a third time I tried to jot down the name of that unfortunate lad, but the guide again restrained me. "Wait," he ordered. "Watch!"

Three other boys of ours, screaming in terror and with arms outstretched, were rolling down one behind the other like massive rocks. I recognized them as they too crashed against the portal. In that split second, it sprang open and so did the other thousand. The three lads were sucked into that endless corridor amid a long- drawn, fading, internal echo, and then the portals clanged shut again. At intervals, many other lads came tumbling down after them. I saw one unlucky boy being pushed down the slope by an evil companion. Others fell singly or with others, arm in arm or side by side. Each of them bore the name of his sin on his forehead. I kept calling to them as they hurtled down, but they did not hear me. Again the portals would open thunderously and slam shut with a rumble. Then, dead silence!

__________________________________

The Cause of Many Damnations

"Bad companions, bad books, and bad habits," my guide exclaimed, " are mainly responsible for so many lost."

The traps I had seen earlier were indeed dragging the boys to ruin. Seeing so many going to perdition, I cried out disconsolately: "If so many of our boys end up this way, we are working in vain. How can we prevent such tragedies?"

"This is their present state," my guide replied, "and that is where they would go if they were to die now."

"Then let me jot down their names so that I may warn them and put them back on the road to Heaven."

"Do you really believe that some of them would reform if you were to warn them?" Then and there your warnings might impress them, but soon they will forget it, saying: 'It was just a dream,' and they will worse than before. Others, realizing they have been unmasked, will receive the Sacraments, but this will be neither spontaneous nor meritorious; others will go to Confession because of a momentary fear of Hell, but will still be attached to sin."

[ Don Bosco with his protege, St.Dominic Savio,who died aged 15 years , and sometimes appeared to Don Bosco in his dreams as guide and interpreter]

"Then is there no other way to save these unfortunate lads?" Please, tell me what I can do for them?"

"They have superiors; let them obey them. They have rules; let them observe them. They have the Sacraments; let them receive them."

Just then a new group of boys came hurtling down and the portals momentarily opened. "Let's go in," the guide said to me.

__________________________________

The Entrance into Hell

I pulled back in horror. I could not wait to rush back to the Oratory to warn the boys lest others might be lost as well.

"Come," my guide insisited. "You'll learn much. But first tell me: Do you wish to go alone or with me?" He asked this to make me realize that I was not brave enough and therefore needed his friendly assistance.

 

"Alone inside that horrible place?" I replied. "How will I ever be able to find my way out without your help?"

 

Then a thought came to my mind and aroused my courage. Before one is condemned to Hell, I said to myself, he must be judged. And I haven't been judged yet!

 

"Let's go," I exclaimed resolutely. We entered that narrow, horrible corridor and whizzed through it with lightning speed . Threatening inscriptions shone eerily over all the inner gateways. The last one opened into a vast, grim courtyard with a large, unbelievably forbidding entrance at the far end. Above it stood this inscription: Ibunt impii in ignem aeternum - "And these the wicked shall go into everlasting fire."( Matt 25:46 ).

 

The walls all about were similarly inscribed. I asked my guide if I could read them, and he consented. These were the inscriptions:

 

Dabo ignem in carnes eorum ut comburantur in semptiernum - "I will give fire...into their flesh that they may burn forever." ( Judith 16:21 )

 

Cruciabuntur die ac nocte in saecula saeculorum - "They will be tormented day and night forever and ever." ( Apoc. 20:10)

Hic universitas malorum per omnia saecula saeculorum - "Here all kinds of torments forever and ever."

 

Nullus est hic ordo, sed horror sempiternus inhabitat - "Here disorder and everlasting horror dwell." ( Job. 10:22)

 

Fumus tormentorum suorum in aeternum ascendit - The smoke of their torments goes up forever and ever." (Apoc, 14:11)

Non est pax impiis - "There is no peace to the wicked." (Is 48:22).

 

Clamor et stridor dentium - " There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Matt. 8:12)

While I moved from one inscription to another, my guide, who stood in the centre of the courtyard, came up to me.

"From here on," he said, "no one may have a helpful companion, a comforting friend, a loving heart, a compassionate glance, or a benevolent word. All that is gone forever. Do you want to see or would you rather experience these things yourself?"

 

"I only want to see!" I answered.

____________________________________

A Narrow Horrible Corridor

"Then come with me." my friend added, and, taking me in tow, he stepped through that gate into corridor at whose far end stood an observation platform, closed by a huge , single crystal pane reaching from the pavement to the ceiling. As soon as I crossed its threshold, I felt an indescribable terror and dared not take another step. Ahead of me I could see something like an immense cave, which gradually disappeared into recesses sunk far into the bowels of the mountains. They were all ablaze, but theirs was not an earthly fire, with leaping tongues of flames. The entire cave- walls, ceiling, floor, iron, stones, wood and coal - everything was a glowing white at temperatures of thousands of degrees. Yet the fire did not incinerate, did not consume. I simply cannot find words to describe the cavern's horror. Praeparata est enim ab heri Thopeth, a rege preparata, profunda et dilatata . Nutrimenta eius, ignis et ligna multa; flatus Domini sicut torrens sulphuris succendens eam - "For in Topheth there has been prepared beforehand... a pit deep and wide with straw and wood in plenty. The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set fire to it." (Is. 30:33) .

I was staring in bewilderment around me when a lad dashed out of a gate. Seemingly unaware of anything else, he emitted a most shrilling scream, like one who is about to fall into a cauldron of liquid bronze, and plummeted into the centre of the cave; instantly, he too became incandescent and perfectly motionless, while the echo of his dying wail lingered for one instant more.

Terribly frightened, I stared briefly at him for a while. He seemed to me one of my Oratory boys. "Isn't he so and so?" I asked my guide.

[ The fires of Hell ]

"Yes," was the answer.

 

"Why is he so still, so incandescent?"

 

"You choose to see ," he replied. "Be satisfied with that. Just keep looking. Besides, Omnis enim igne salietur et omnis victima sale salietur - "Everyone shall be salted with fire; every victim shall be salted." ( Mark 9:48).

 

As I looked again, another boy came hurtling down into the cave at break-neck speed. He too was from the Oratory. As he fell, so he remained. He too emitted one single heartrending shriek that blended with the last echo of the scream that had come from the youth who had preceded him. Other boys kept hurtling in the same way in increasing numbers, all screaming the same way and then all becoming equally motionless and incandescent. I noticed that the first seemed frozen to the spot, one hand and one foot raised into the air; the second boy seemed bent almost double to the floor. Others stood or hung in various other positions, balancing themselves on one foot or hand, sitting or lying on their backs or on their sides, standing or kneeling, hands clutching their hair. Briefly, the scene resembled a large statuary group of youngsters cast into ever more painful postures. Other lads hurtled into that same furnace. Some I knew; others were strangers to me. I then recalled what is written in the Bible to the effect that as one falls into Hell, so he shall forever remain. Lignum, in quocumque loco ceciderit, ibi erit - " Where the tree falls, there it shall lie." (Eccles. 11:3 )

_________________________________________

More Boys Fall Down

 

More frightened than ever, I asked my guide: "When these boys come dashing into this cave, don't they know where they are going?"

 

"They surely do. They have been warned a thousand times, but they still choose to rush into the fire, because they do not detest sin and are loath to forsake it. Furthermore, they despise and reject God's incessant, merciful invitations to do penance. Thus provoked, Divine Justice harries them, hounds them, and goads them on, so that they cannot halt until they reach this place."

 

"Oh, how miserable these unfortunate boys must feel in knowing that they no longer have any hope," I exclaimed. 

 

"If you really want to know their innermost frenzy and fury, go a little closer,"my guide remarked.

I took a few steps forward and saw that many of these poor wretches were savagely striking at each other like mad dogs. Others were clawing their own faces and hands, tearing their own flesh and spitefully throwing it about. Just then the entire ceiling of the cave became transparent as crystal and revealed a patch of Heaven and their radiant companions safe for all eternity.

____________________________________

God's Mercy Despised

 

The poor wretches, fuming and panting with envy, burned with rage because they had once ridiculed the just. Peccator videbit et irascetur; dentibus suis fremet et tabescet - "The wicked shall see and shall be angry. He shall gnash his teeth and pine away." (Ps. 111:10)

 

"Why do I hear no sound?" I asked my guide.

"Go closer!" he advised.

 

Pressing my ear to the crystal window, I heard screams and sobs, blasphemies and imprecations against the Saints. It was a tumult of voices and cries, shrill and confused.

 

"When they recall the happy lot of their companions," he replied, "they are obliged to admit: Nos insensati vitam illorum aestimabamus insaniam et finem illorum sine honore. Ecce quomodo computati sunt inter filios Dei et inter sanctos sors illorum est. Ergo erravimus a via veritatis - "Fools that we were! Their lives we deemed madness and their deaths dishonored. See how they are accounted among the sons of God; their lot is with the Saints. We, then, have strayed from the way of truth." ( Wis. 5: 4-5 ).

 

"That is why they cry out: Lassati sumus in via iniquitatis et perditionis. Erravimus per vias difficiles , viam autem Domini ignoravimus . Quid nobis profuit superbia! ...Transierunt omnia illa tamquam umbra - 'We had our fill of the ways of mischief and ruin . We journeyed through the impassable deserts, but the way of the Lord we knew not. What did our pride avail us? ... All those things passed like a shadow.' "( Wis. 5: 7-9).

 

"Such are the mournful chants which shall echo here throughout eternity. But their shouts, their efforts and their cries are all in vain. Omnis dolor irruet super eos! - 'All evil will fall upon them.' " ( Job .20:22).

" Here time is no more. Here is only eternity."

While I viewed the condition of many of my boys in utter terror, a thought suddenly struck me: "How can these boys be damned?" I asked. "Last night they were still alive at the Oratory!"

 

"The boys you see here," he answered, " are all dead to God's grace. Were they to die now or persist in their evil ways, they would be damned. But we are wasting time. Let us go on."

__________________________________

Unquenchable Fire

 

He led me away and we went down through a corridor into a lower cavern, at whose entrance I read: Vermis eorum non morietur , et ignis non extinguetur - "Their worm shall not die and their fire shall not be quenched." ( Is. 66:24 ). Dabit Dominus omnipotens ignem et vermes in carnes eorum ut urantur et sentiant usque in sempiternum - "He will give fire and worms into their flesh, that they may feel forever." ( Judith 16:21).

 

Here one could see how atrocious was the remorse of those who had been pupils in our schools. What a torment was theirs to remember each unforgiven sin and its just punishment, the countless, even extraordinary means they had to mend their ways, persevere in virtue and earn Paradise, and their lack of response to the many favors promised and bestowed by the Virgin Mary. What a torture to think that they could have saved so easily, yet now are irredeemably lost, and to remember the many good resolutions made and never kept.

[ Our Lady Of Perpetual Succour -Devotion to Our Lady saves many from Hell ]

Hell is indeed paved with good intentions!

In this lower cavern, I again saw those Oratory boys who had fallen into the fiery furnace. Some are listening to me right now; others are former pupils or even strangers to me. I drew closer to them and noticed that they were all covered with worms and vermin, which gnawed at their vitals, hearts, eyes, hands, legs and entire bodies so ferociously as to defy description. 

 

Helpless and motionless, they were a prey to every kind of torment. Hoping I might be able to speak to them or to hear something from them, I drew even closer, but no one spoke or even looked at me. I then asked my guide why, and he explained that the damned are totally deprived of freedom. Each must fully endure his own punishment, with absolutely no reprieve whatever.

 

"And now," he added, "you too must enter that cavern."

 

"Oh, no!" I objected in terror. "Before going to Hell, one has to be judged. I have not been judged yet, so I will not go to Hell!"

 

"Listen," he said, "what would you rather do: visit Hell and save your boys, or stay outside and leave them in agony?"

 

For a moment I was struck speechless. "Of course, I love my boys and wish to save them all," I replied, "but isn't there some other way out?"

 

"Yes, there is a way," he went on, "provided you do all you can."

I breathed more easily and instantly said to myself, I don't mind slaving if I can rescue these beloved sons of mine from such torments.

 

"Come inside then," my friend went on, " and see how our good, almighty God lovingly provides a thousand means for guiding your boys to penance and saving them from everlasting death."

Taking my hand, he led me into the cave. As I stepped in, I found myself suddenly transported into a magnificent hall whose curtained glass doors concealed more entrances.

 

Above one of them, I read this inscription: The Sixth Commandment. Pointing to it, my guide exclaimed: " Transgressions of this commandment caused the eternal ruin to many boys."

 

"Didn't they go to Confession?"

 

"They did, but they either omitted or insufficiently confessed the sins against the beautiful virtue of purity, saying for instance that they had committed such sins two or three times when it as four or five. Other boys may have fallen into that sin but once in their childhood, and, through shame never confessed it, or did so insufficiently. Others were not truly sorry or sincere in their resolve to avoid it in the future. There were even some who, rather than examine their conscience, spent their time trying to figure out how best to deceive their confessor. 

 

Anyone dying in this frame of mind chooses to be among the damned, and so he is doomed for all eternity. Only those who die truly repentant shall be eternally happy. Now do you want to see why our merciful God brought you here?" He lifted the curtain and I saw a group of Oratory boys - all known to me - who were here because of this sin. Among them were some whose conduct seems to be good.

 

"Now you will surely let me take down their names so that I may warn them individually," I exclaimed.

"It won't be necessary!"

"Then what do you suggest I tell them?"

 

"Always preach against immodesty. A generic warning will suffice. Bear in mind that even if you did admonish them individually, they would promise, but not always in earnest. For a firm resolution one needs God's grace, which will not be denied to your boys. If they pray, God manifests His love, especially by being merciful and forgiving. On your part, pray and make sacrifices. As for the boys, let them listen to your admonitions and consult their conscience. It will tell them what to do.

 

We spent the next half hour discussing the requisites of a good Confession. Afterwards, my guide several times exclaimed in a loud voice: "Avertere! Avertere!"

"What do you mean?" I asked.

"Change life!"

_____________________________________________

Attachment to Earthly Things

Perplexed, I bowed my head and made as if to withdraw, but he held me back.

"You haven't seen everything yet," he explained.

 

He turned and lifted another curtain bearing this inscription: Qui volunt divites fieri, incidunt in tentationem et laqueum diaboli- "Those who long to be rich fall a prey to temptation and to the snares of the devil." ( 1 Tim. 6:9 ).

 

"This does not apply to my boys," I countered, "because they are as poor as I am. We are not rich and do not want to be. We give it no thought."

 

As the curtain was lifted, however, I saw a group of boys all known to me. They were in pain, like those I had seen before. Pointing to them, my guide remarked: "As you see, the inscription does apply to your boys."

 

"But, how?" I asked.

 

"Well," he said, "some boys are so attached to material possessions that their love of God is lessened. Thus, they sin against charity, piety and meekness. Even the mere desire of riches can corrupt the heart, especially if such a desire leads to injustice. Your boys are poor, but remember that greed and idleness are bad councelors. One of your boys committed substantial thefts in his native town, and though he could make restitution, he gives it not a thought. There are others who try to break into the pantry or the prefect's or economer's office, those who rummage in their companion's trunks for food, money or possessions; those who steal stationery and books. . ."

 

After naming these boys and others as well, he continued: "Some are here for having stolen clothes, linen, blankets and coats from the Oratory wardrobe in order to send them home to their families; others for wilful serious damage; others yet, for not having given back what they had borrowed or for having kept sums of money they were supposed to hand over to the superior. 

 

Now that you know who these boys are," he concluded, "admonish them. Tell them to curb all vain harmful desires, to obey God's law and to safeguard their reputation jealously, lest greed lead them to greater excesses and plunge them into sorrow, death and damnation."

 

I could not understand why such dreadful punishments should be meted out for infractions that boys thought so little of, but my guide shook me out of my thoughts by saying: "Recall what you were told when you saw those spoiled grapes on the vine." With these words he lifted another curtain which hid many of our Oratory boys, all of whom I recognized instantly. The inscription on the curtain read: Radix omnium malorum - "The root of all evils."

 

"Do you know what that means?" he asked me immediately. "What sin does that refer to?"

"Pride?"

"No!"

"And yet I have always heard that pride is the root of all evil."

 

"It is, generally speaking, but, specifically, but do you know what led Adam and Eve to commit the first sin for which they were driven away from their earthly paradise?"

 

"Disobedience?"

 

"Exactly! Disobedience is the root of all evil."

 

"What shall I tell my boys about it?"

_________________________________

Obedience

 

"Listen carefully: the boys you see here are those who prepare such a tragic end for themselves by being disobedient. So-and- so and so- and- so, who you think went to bed, leave the dormitory later in the night to roam about the playground, and, contrary to others, they stray into dangerous areas and up scaffolds, endangering even their lives. Others go to church, but ignoring recommendations, they misbehave, instead of praying, they daydream or cause a disturbance. 

 

There are those who also make themselves comfortable so as to doze off during church services, and those who only make believe they are going to church. Woe to those who neglect prayer! He who does not pray, dooms himself to perdition. Some are here because, instead of singing hymns or saying the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, they read frivolous or - worse yet- forbidden books." He then went on mentioning other serious breaches of discipline.

 

When he was done, I was deeply moved.

 

"May I mention all these things to my boys?" I asked, looking at him straight in the eye.

"Yes, you may tell them whatever you remember."

 

"What advice shall I give them to safeguard them from such a tragedy?"

 

"Keep telling them that by obeying God, the Church, their parents and their superiors, even in little things, they will be saved."

"Anything else?"

 

"Warn them against idleness. Because of idleness David fell into sin. Tell them to keep busy at all times, because the devil will not then have a chance to tempt them,"

I bowed my head and promised. Faint with dismay, I could only mutter: "Thanks for having been so good to me. Now, please lead me out of here."

 

"All right, then, come with me." Encouragingly, he took my hand and held me up because I could hardly stand on my feet. Leaving that hall, in no time at all, we retraced our steps through that horrible courtyard and the long corridor. But as soon as we stopped across the last bronze portal, he turned to me and said: "Now that you have seen what others suffer, you too must experience a touch of Hell."

"No, no!" I cried in terror.

___________________________

Touching the Wall of Hell

 

He insisted, but I kept refusing.

 

"Do not be afraid," he told me; "Just try it. Touch this wall."

 

I could not muster enough courage and tried to get away, but he held me back. "Try it," he insisted. Gripping my arm firmly, he pulled me to the wall. "Only one touch," he commanded, "so that you may say that you have both seen and touched the walls of eternal suffering and that you may understand what the last wall must be like if the first is so unendurable. Look at this wall!" 

 

I did so intently. It seemed incredibly thick. "There are a thousand walls between this and the real fire of Hell," my guide continued. "A thousand walls encompass it, each a thousand measures thick and equally distant from the next one. Each measure is a thousand miles. This wall therefore is millions and millions of miles from hell's real fire. It is just a remote rim of Hell itself."

 

When he said this, I instinctively pulled back, but he seized my hand, forced it open, and pressed it against the first of the thousand walls. The sensation was so utterly excruciating that I leaped back with a scream and found myself sitting up in bed. My hand was stinging and I kept rubbing it to ease the pain. When I got up this morning I noticed that it was swollen. Having my hand pressed against the wall, though only in a dream, felt so real that, later, the skin of my palm peeled off.

 

Bear in mind that I have tried not to frighten you very much, and so I have not described these things in all their horror as I saw them and as they impressed me. We know that Our Lord always portrayed Hell in symbols because, had He described it as it really is, we would not have understood Him. No mortal can comprehend these things. The Lord knows them and He reveals them to whomever He wills.

 

The next several nights I could not fall asleep, because I was still upset by this frightful dream. WhatI told you is but a brief summary of very lengthy dreams. Later, I shall talk to you about human respect, the Sixth and Seventh Commandments and pride. I shall do nothing more than explain these dreams, which wholly accord with Sacred Scriture. In fact, they are but a commentary of the Bible's teaching on these matters. Some nights ago I told you something, but I'll tell you the rest and explain it whenever I have a chance to speak to you. 

 

Don Bosco kept his promise. Later, he narrated this dream in a condensed form to the boys of our schools in Mirabello and Lanzo. In the retelling, he introduced variations but made no substantial changes. Likewise, when he spoke of it privately to Salesian priests and clerics, with whom he enjoyed greater familiarity, he would add new particulars. Occasionally, he omitted details when talking to some people, while revealing them to others. Concerning the devil's traps, while discussing bad habits, he elaborated on the devil's tactics for luring victims into Hell. Of many scenes he offered no explanation. For instance, he said nothing about the majestic figures he saw in that magnificent hall, which we are inclined to call "the treasure house of God's mercy for saving boys who would otherwise perish." Were these persons perhaps the principle dispensers of countless graces?

Some variations in his narration stemmed from the multiplicity of simultaneous scenes. As they flashed back into his mind, he would select what he considered most suitable to his audience. After all, meditating on the Four Last Things was a habit with him. Such meditation kindled a most lively compassion in his heart for all sinners threatened by such a frightful eternity. This ardent charity helped him overcome reticence as he prudently but frankly invited even very prominent people to mend their ways. It also made his words so effective as to work many conversions.

St. John Bosco, pray for us...

FINIS

(Coming soon article on Global Warming - a hoax or not?)

[ to be continued ]